How did Newton describe the universe, according to his beliefs?

Newton described the universe as being defined by a set of mathematical rules, which fundamentally reflects his belief in the order and predictability of the physical world. His work, particularly in the realms of physics and mathematics, established that natural phenomena can be understood through precise mathematical laws. For instance, his laws of motion and universal gravitation encapsulate the idea that, given initial conditions, the future states of objects can be calculated with certainty.

This view positioned the universe as a rational system, where every event follows logically from preceding conditions, showcasing a harmonious interplay of forces governed by mathematical principles. This stand also paved the way for the scientific revolution and emphasized the significance of empirical evidence in understanding nature.

In contrast to other options, Newton's perspective did not align with chaos or randomness, and he did not attribute the workings of the universe to emotions or subjective experiences. Instead, he viewed it as a well-ordered system that could be systematically explored and understood through mathematics, establishing a foundational element of modern science.