How does vitalism view the essence of living organisms?

Vitalism posits that living organisms possess a unique essence that cannot be wholly explained by physical and chemical processes alone. This perspective suggests that there is an inherent spiritual quality or life force that distinguishes living beings from inanimate matter. Vitalists argue that this life force or vital principle is essential for understanding the complexities of life, including growth, reproduction, and consciousness.

The notion of vitalism has historical significance in the development of biology and psychology, as it emphasizes the non-material aspects of life. This contrasts sharply with other views that see life strictly through the lens of biochemical processes, environmental conditions, or evolutionary outcomes. Vitalism encourages a holistic understanding of organisms, highlighting the belief that there is more to life than its mechanistic aspects.