What concept did Leibniz introduce regarding the composition of the universe?

Leibniz introduced the concept of monads as fundamental units that compose the universe. Monads are described as simple, indivisible substances that encapsulate their own perceptions and experiences, functioning like unique, self-contained entities. Unlike atoms, which are purely physical and interact in specific ways, monads are non-material and represent a metaphysical framework where each monad reflects the entire universe from its perspective. This hierarchical organization implies that monads vary in complexity, with higher monads possessing greater awareness and perception. This idea significantly influenced philosophy, particularly in discussions about the nature of existence, consciousness, and the interconnectedness of all things. Leibniz’s perspective challenges the notion of a purely material universe, emphasizing instead a layered reality defined by these unique, immaterial substances.